This is individually adiministered measure of cognitive ability for those aged 6 to 16 years. Kuriakose, S. (2014). This study was an effort to subtype adolescents' learning disabilities using scores on the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational BatteryRevised to characterize subtypes, suggesting that these students had two specific types of learning disorders. This standardized cognitive assessment measures cognitive and motor abilities in children from birth to 5 years and 6 months and can be used to assess school readiness. Method of Administration: Individually administered, norm-referenced measure of cognitive abilities; aligned to the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model two overlapping batteries: Early Years (2:6-6:11) and School-Aged (7:0-17:11) The .gov means its official. In addition to the core subtests, ten diagnostic subtests are available to measure verbal and visual working memory, immediate and delayed recall, visual recognition and matching, processing and naming speed, phonological processing, and understanding of basic number concepts. Choice of assessment should be considered carefully given the systematic differences in overall scores produced in this population. Excellent standardization. 7-:78Pp[\s1vpfI[* : 'zb%40m?Q7H4'ZE&EYpM[ 0000031228 00000 n Some children with speech sound disorders (SSD) hav e difficulty with literacyrelated skills. Sattler (2001) Review of the DAS. 0000024903 00000 n Instructions are provided in both English and Spanish for the nonverbal subtests. Individual composite scores, including memory, analogic reasoning (thinking about similarities through comparison), spatial awareness, and numerical reasoning can also be collected and are used by psychologists to determine your childs abilities in these areas. Neither was associated with the magnitude of difference between overall scores. WebDifferential Ability Scales Name: Jane Sample School Age Battery On this administration of the DAS, Jane Sample obtained a Verbal score of 100 (50th percentile, Average), a sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The limitations of standardized testing for children with developmental delay or cognitive impairment are well known: Tests do not exist that provide developmentally appropriate material along with norms that extend to the lower reaches of ability. We evaluated the correspondence of contemporaneous MSEL and the DAS-II scores in a mixed sample of children aged 2-10 years with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), non-ASD developmental delays, and typically developing children across the full spectrum of cognitive ability. The Differential Ability Scales (DAS) is a scale developed in the British empirical tradition and is purported to be useful in making educational decisions for children. This research evaluated the criterion-related validity of unusual subtest profiles from the Differential Ability Scales (Elliott, 1990). What they called "organic factors" is simply an etiological, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our, 10.1002/1520-6807(199301)30:1<11::AID-PITS2310300103>3.0.CO;2-R. and transmitted securely. Concurrent validity of the WISC-IV and DAS-II in children with autism spectrum disorder. Res Dev Disabil. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). View 5 excerpts, cites background and methods, The ability profiles most representative of the school-age norm group for the Differential Ability Scales (DAS; Elliot, 1990a), an individually administered test of cognitive skills, are identified. Epub 2015 Apr 20. This measure allows a comparison of language development even in a child who is one to two years old. 0000041718 00000 n 0000004039 00000 n WebWechslers original IQ scales differentiated verbal from performance (nonverbal) primarily for practical reasons (McGrew & Flanagan, 1998, p. 25). Differential Ability Scales. FOIA An open-label study evaluating the safety, behavioral, and electrophysiological outcomes of low-dose ketamine in children with ADNP syndrome. WebThe Nature and Structure of the Das: Questioning the Test's Organizing Model and Use. Concurrent validity of the Differential Ability Scales, second edition, with the Mullen Scales of Early Learning in young children with and without neurodevelopmental disorders. WebDifferential Ability Scales, 2 nd Edition (DAS-II) Ages 2:6 17:11. The difference between overall scores is suggested to be attributable to a relative weakness in processing speed, which is assessed on the WISC-IV but not the DAS-II. 0000029089 00000 n Farmer, C., Golden, C., & Thurm, A. Individually administered intelligence measures are commonly used in diagnostic work, but there is a continuing need for research investigating possible test bias among these measures. 0000029702 00000 n 1990. WebThe Differential Ability ScalesSecond Edition (DASII; El-liott, 2007a) is an individually administered battery of cognitive from the WJ III COG normative sample, obtained markedly dif-ferent results for the WJ III COG than the CFA results reported in its technical manual (McGrew & Woodcock, 2001). Dotted line represents a 1:1 relationship between MSEL and DAS-II. $>Q')VC2T-$s,EKOw^ _|57us/__|.PaK h)NC0vWw6-42 e,9\`n'yX'fRj8@uU{v+ q-5ROK1L~: Cluster Scores: Verbal Ability Cluster; Nonverbal Reasoning Ability Cluster; Spatial Ability Cluster, Age Range: First assessment age 2 years, with re-assessment at age 3, 5, 9, and 19 years, Correspondence between cognitive ability in early childhood and adulthood. The DAT was first published in 1947 and has multiple forms and levels. Autistic symptomatology was not associated with cognitive scores, while adaptive behavior was positively associated. Differential Ability Scales-II (DAS-II) - Pearson Clinical SLC13A5 Deficiency Disorder: From Genetics to Gene Therapy. 2022 Jul 29;13:927847. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.927847. The authors concluded that interchanging MSEL and DAS-II scores in research studies without regard to the discrepancy in scores may produce misleading results in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of children with and without ASD, and, thus, this practice should be implemented with caution. 0000003362 00000 n The importance of low IQ to early diagnosis of autism. In addition to an overall composite , the General Conceptual Ability (GCA) score, this instrument also yields a Special Nonverbal Composite (SNC) score for children who may have difficulty with oral language. wechsler nonverbal sample report . Investigating the written language abilities of two individuals with Williams syndrome found that, despite the strong similarity between the two individuals in terms of their verbal and non-verbal cognitive abilities and their phonological abilities, their reading and spelling abilities differed by more than 5 grade levels. WebThe Differential Ability Scales (DAS; Elliott, 1990c) is a comprehensive battery of cognitive and achievement tests that are designed for children and adolescents between the ages of 2 1/2 and 17 years. Autism; Cognitive testing; DAS-II; Developmental quotient; IQ; Mullen Scales of Early Learning. WebDifferential Ability Scales (DAS-II) The Differential Ability Scales (DAS-II) were developed as an evaluation tool for the cognitive ability and achievement of children. A review of infant growth and psychomotor developmental outcomes after intrauterine exposure to preeclampsia. Regression lines reflect age (in months; centered at grand mean of 63.67) entered, Regression line reflects age (in months; centered at grand mean of 63.67) entered, Nonverbal, N=78 (AUT=16, DD=21, TYP=41);, Nonverbal, N=78 (AUT=16, DD=21, TYP=41); Verbal, N=76 (AUT=14, DD=21, TYP=41). WebWe evaluated the correspondence of contemporaneous MSEL and the DAS-II scores in a mixed sample of children aged 2-10 years with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), non-ASD developmental delays, and typically developing children across the 0000001316 00000 n PMC Two commonly used and interchanged instruments are the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL), a test of developmental level, and the Differential Ability Scales, second edition (DAS-II), a more traditional cognitive test. WebThe Differential Ability Scales (2nd ed., DASII) is unique in that it goes beyond cognitive ability testing to give insight into how a child processes information. eCollection 2022 Oct 13. Age Range: Age Range (in years as given in study) 210 years, Sample Size: 47 with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); 28 with non-ASD developmental delays; 43 typically developing children, Concurrent validity between DAS-II and MSEL. 0000026154 00000 n 4. The nature and the structure of children's abilities are considered in the light of evidence from the Differential Ability Scales (DAS), a newly published, individually administered cognitive test, The purposes of this research were, first, to determine whether the varied tests contained in the Differential Ability Scales (DAS) measure the same constructs across its wide range, and, second, to, In a study of the construct validity of composite and selected subtest scores of the Differential Ability Scales (DAS), scores from the DAS, WISC-R, and Stanford Achievement Test were compared for 46, The Differential Ability Scales (DAS) is a scale developed in the British empirical tradition and is purported to be useful in making educational decisions for children. Convergent validity of the Mullen Scales of Early Learning and the differential ability scales in children with autism spectrum disorders. HGG Adv. 0000001997 00000 n The site is secure. 0000011732 00000 n Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, The discriminant validity of the Upper Preschool Level of the Differential Ability Scales (DAS) was studied using 32 at-risk preschoolers (females = 14, males = 18) with a mean age of 57.28 months, The Differential Ability Scales (DAS; Elliott, 1990c) is a comprehensive battery of cognitive and achievement tests that are designed for children and adolescents between the ages of 2 1/2 and 17. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. WebDifferential Ability. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Good validity . One current intelligence measure, the Differential Ability Scales, Second Edition (DAS-II), is a test with growing popularity. Abstract. Age: 2 years 6 months to 17 years 11 months, Time to Administer: Core battery: 45-60 minutes; Diagnostic subtests: 30 minutes. Psychologists use this to learn about a childs thinking skills, social-emotional skills, and the presence of a learning disability. 0000050086 00000 n 0000001762 00000 n 0000021809 00000 n trailer <]>> startxref 0 %%EOF 81 0 obj<>stream All Rights Reserved. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 0000018612 00000 n 0000039551 00000 n A General Ability Index (GAI) can also be calculated utilizing the Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Reasoning scores. AY"6\Zs\=>d )n0_!yS JGq5iJkr&S[j"@{GM.G2d?. An overall measure of cognitive abilities, referred to as the Intelligence Quotient (IQ), can also be obtained. 2011 Sep;116(5):331-43. doi: 10.1352/1944-7558-116.5.331. Theory of mind performance is associated, View 6 excerpts, cites methods and background. It provides specific information on a childs visual, gross and fine motor, and expressive and receptive language abilities. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Indices assessed include Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory and Processing Speed. Factor scores were derived, and these variables were clustered using the hierarchical group, The purpose of the study was to evaluate the process whereby children are identified as learning disabled (LD) and the validity of subsequent educational placements: (a) a representative sample of, This study examined the extent to which school personnel were able to differentiate learning disabled students from low achievers by examining patterns of scores on psychometric measures. 0000046960 00000 n 0000001873 00000 n The major results of the questionnaire study revealed that most of the children were in the lower elementary grades, the distribution of IQs contained a larger proportion with below average ability than is found in the general population of children. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Careers. The Differential Ability Scales Second Edition (DAS-II; Elliott, 2007) is an individually administered norm-referenced battery of cognitive subtests for children and adolescents ages 2:6 through 17:11. The WISC-R was administered to a group of learning-disabled (LD) children and the results factor-analyzed. 2023 Jan;16(1):122-142. doi: 10.1002/aur.2842. WebDifferential Ability Scales-II View all tests and materials DAS-II Overview Live Webinar 3 Hours A103000072424 Qualification Level C This 3-hour session provides an overview of the DASII focusing on characteristics of the test, subtest administration and scoring, and basic interpretation of results. Yields standard scores (M = 100, SD = 15) for composite and cluster scores, T-scores (M = 50, SD = 10) for subtest scores, percentile ranks, confidence intervals, qualitative descriptors, and age equivalents. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 0000021754 00000 n Regression line reflect, MeSH Compared DAS II with Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL). The DAT contains eight scales: 1) Verbal Reasoning (VR) 2) Numerical Ability (NA) 3) Abstract Reasoning (AR) 4) Perceptual (Clerical) Speed and Accuracy (PSA) 5) Mechanical Reasoning (MR) 6) Space Relations (SR) 7) Spelling (SP) 8) Language Usage (LU) 0000002231 00000 n S. Elliott. 0000030849 00000 n WebTechnical Report for DAS-II and WIAT-II (School Age Battery) Copyright Examinee ID: 1 Page 1 Examinee: John Sample Report Date: 7/19/2007 Age: 8 years, 5 months Grade: eCollection 2022. It can be administered to children aged 3 years to 16 years and 11 months and provides norm-based scores in the areas of executive functioning (mental skills are used to complete tasks), attention, language, memory, learning, sensorimotor abilities, visual-spatial processing (mentally moving objects around), and social perception (forming impressions of and make inferences about others). 0000029434 00000 n Children with Williams syndrome who have be taught reading using a systematic phonics approach both decode and comprehend significantly better than children who have been taught using a whole-word approach. The WISC-IV has 15 subtests with a core of 10 summarized into four composites including Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory and Processing Speed. Regression lines reflect age (in months; centered at grand mean of 63.67) entered as a covariate. In particular, they often have tro uble with phonological processing, which is a robust predictor of, Abstract A normative typology was developed and applied using multivariate profile analysis of subtest scores of the Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT) standardization sample. Before Disclaimer. (2015). 3. 0000050704 00000 n Scores are standard scores with a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15. 8600 Rockville Pike WebThe Differential Ability Scales (DAS) is a nationally normed (in the US), and individually administered battery of cognitive and achievement tests. Ward's method of cluster analysis was used to group 83 school-verified children with learning disabilities from the standardization sample. WebDifferential Ability Scales developed by Collin D. Elliott reflect theories that focus on measuring diverse skills. Epub 2022 Nov 13. The purpose of this study was to determine whether distinct subgroups of children with learning disabilities could be identified using a single, recently developed instrumentthe Differential Ability Scales (DAS). The DAS core subtests were found to be good measures of cognitive ability in children classified with ADHD and did not appear to be influenced by attention problems. 0000049621 00000 n Cheong PL, Tsai JM, Wu YT, Lu L, Chiu YL, Shen YT, Li YJ, Tsao CH, Wang YC, Chang FM, Huang YH, Sun CW. Kern et al. DAS provides extended age ranges and out-of-level testing, Keywords: 0000021700 00000 n 0000003665 00000 n It is individually administered with one or both parents present for the administration. 0000025640 00000 n WebSample APPA Report Sally Smith (not real name) Page - 3 Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV) Thematic Apperception Test Incomplete Sentences Test FINDINGS This section presents what was found during the evaluation. This nonverbal cognitive assessment tool is used to assess individuals from age 5 to 21 who have language or hearing impairments and also individuals who have diverse cultural and socio-economic backgrounds. However, curve estimation revealed large mean differences in scores that varied as a function of the child's cognitive ability level. Estimates of intelligence in young children with neurodevelopmental disorders are critical for making diagnoses, in characterizing symptoms of disorders, and in predicting future outcomes. Appl Neuropsychol Child. 0000004349 00000 n Participants achieved significantly higher overall scores on the DAS-II and nearly half the sample achieved a higher classification label on the DAS-II. Genes (Basel). 0000002038 00000 n HW]E|CDm-m5'@l*-?3e bwFfT$z{OHX$|?=+uFfp/7KoM52p3EI.JI3)YDIgS]^n:jn"/ National Library of Medicine WebDifferential Ability Scales. 0000051436 00000 n Scores on the DAS-II and MSEL were highly correlated, suggesting that they measure a similar construct. government site. Composites combine to form a Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) which is an overall measure of intellectual ability. This cognitive assessment tool can be administered to children from aged 2 years and 6 months to 6 years and 11 months in the Lower Battery and an Upper Batter that can be administered to children up 17 years and 11 months and provides detailed information about your childs cognitive functioning. Colin Elliott and the other developers of the DAS used the most current statistical procedures in an attempt to create a test that is psychometrically sound. 0000050220 00000 n The Vocabulary of Infants with an Elevated Likelihood and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Infant Language Studies Using the CDI and MSEL. Psychologists use the DAS-II to learn about a childs thinking skills, memory, processing speed, spatial awareness, and verbal knowledge. WebThe Differential Ability Scales (DAS; Elliott, 1990c) is a comprehensive battery of cognitive and achievement tests that are designed for children and adolescents between the ages of 2 1/2 and 17 Expand 39 More ups and downs of subtest analysis: Criterion validity of the DAS with an unselected cohort. Convergent validity of WISC-IV and DAS-II. This longitudinal study results indicated that nonverbal cognitive scores (NVIQ) in individuals with ASD declined between toddlerhood and adulthood, particularly among those whose scores were below 70. Preschool-aged children with or at risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience significant challenges with behavioral, social, and preacademic skills. This is an updated edition of the WISC-IV and also produces standardized cognitive measures of children aged 6 to 16 years and 11 months. A cluster analysis procedure was used to identify subgroups of children who manifested specific learning disabilities in reading (SLD/R) in terms of performance on a battery of eight language and perceptual tests, finding some significant differences in measures of oral reading and reading comprehension skills. Subjects. Belteki Z, Lumbreras R, Fico K, Haman E, Junge C. Int J Environ Res Public Health. The DAS-II is aligned with Cattell-Horn-Carroll cognitive theory. The following six subgroups were identified: (a) generalized, (b) high functioning, (c) normal, (d) underachievement, (e) borderline, and (f. The Differential Ability Scales, Second Edition (DAS-II; Elliott 2007) is an individually administered test designed to measure distinct cognitive abilities for children and adolescents ages 2 years, 6 months to 17 years, 11 months. Regression line reflects age (in months; centered at grand mean of 63.67) entered as a covariate for Verbal; age not significant in Nonverbal equation. This test predicts academic achievement on the basis of ability equally well for African American, Asian American, Hispanic/Latino, and White/non-Hispanic children. 0000002502 00000 n Education. Psychologists use this to provide information on a childs logical problem-solving, verbal and nonverbal knowledge, numerical reasoning, working memory, visual-spatial processing, which is the ability to organize information into meaningful patterns and understanding how they change as they move through space. Copyright 2007-2019 Texas Education Agency (TEA). Bias in measurement of autism symptoms by spoken language level and non-verbal mental age in minimally verbal children with neurodevelopmental disorders. 0000037555 00000 n Epub 2022 Jan 12. However, NVIQ was generally stable for the majority of individuals with ASD whose cognitive ability was in the average range. Epub 2012 Apr 26. This study will examine the implementation of new technology for children with ASD in public schools and will be the first to measure the effectiveness of CAI, and investigate whether adding a new technology on top of existing practices increases or decreases their use. 0000049235 00000 n 2022 Aug 27;3(4):100138. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2022.100138. The Differential Ability Scales (DAS) was created to provide practitioners with an alternative instrument that may be as effective as WISC-III in picking up specific Normative scores are provided to compare the childs scores to same-aged peers. (For well-normed tests intended for children in the United States, this means that the group of children used to norm the assessment was matched to the U.S. census proportions in terms of Equation for Nonverbal (left panel): Y = 15.30 + 0.98X; R, Nonverbal, N=78 (AUT=16, DD=21, TYP=41); Verbal, N=76 (AUT=14, DD=21, TYP=41). 0000037757 00000 n Concerns about the ability-achievement discrepancy method for specific learning disability (SLD) determination led to alternative research-based methods, such as failure to respond to intervention. A composite measure known as the Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) is also provided as an overall measure of a childs cognitive abilities. xb```f`` ,[Xvog)[!v sEo3)99{[}=$9W(2= uW?i\v8_i%F| Bookshelf WebCurrently in its 2nd edition, the Differential Ability Scales (DAS-II) provide insight into the cognitive abilities children have when learning. WebThe Differential Ability Scales Second Edition (DAS-II; Elliott, 2007) is an individually administered, norm-referenced instrument that assesses the cognitive abilities of children and adolescents ages 2 years, 6 months through 17 years, 11 months. Notably, the core battery for ages 2:6-3:5 contains only four subtests and may be more useful as a screening instrument for children of this age. 79 0 obj <> endobj xref 79 51 0000000016 00000 n The International journal of neuroscience. Front Psychol. WebThis cognitive assessment tool can be administered to children from aged 2 years and 6 months to 6 years and 11 months in the Lower Battery and an Upper Batter that can be 0000034407 00000 n Accessibility Cultural Adaptation and Validation of Mullen Scales of Early Learning in Taiwanese children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Global Developmental Delay, and Typically Developing Children. Psychol Assess. A historical, Over a decade ago, Pasamanick and Knobloch (1958) demonstrated that disadvantaged populations manifest severe visual perceptual deficits. Goodspeed K, Liu JS, Nye KL, Prasad S, Sadhu C, Tavakkoli F, Bilder DA, Minassian BA, Bailey RM. The DAS-II can be scored manually or with the Scoring Assistant software included in every kit. 0000002890 00000 n Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 0000003563 00000 n The Differential Ability Scales (DAS; Elliott, 1990a) is one of the latest entries into the field of intelligence tests. 2022 Aug 30;22(1):513. doi: 10.1186/s12887-022-03542-5. 1. See this image and copyright information in PMC. The WAIS-IV is used to assess individuals ranging in age from 16 years to 90 years 11 months. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! (2015). Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Kolevzon A, Levy T, Barkley S, Bedrosian-Sermone S, Davis M, Foss-Feig J, Halpern D, Keller K, Kostic A, Layton C, Lee R, Lerman B, Might M, Sandin S, Siper PM, Sloofman LG, Walker H, Zweifach J, Buxbaum JD. 0000048655 00000 n 2. These cluster scores consist of six core subtests (or four, for children 2:6-3:5) that are designed to measure verbal, nonverbal, and spatial reasoning. We examined the degree to which child, family, and treatment variables predicted treatment outcomes for reading and math achievement and oppositional behavior in a sample of 135 young, View 2 excerpts, cites methods and background, Narrative development involves an extended development that requires the integration of linguistic, cognitive, and social capacities. Useful features and differences in the administration strategy of DAS are reviewed. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The combination of these scores provide an overall measures of cognitive abilities referred to as the General Conceptual Ability (GCA) and a nonverbal measure, the Special Nonverbal Composite (SNC). This reaction focuses on and. This cognitive assessment tool can be administered to individuals aged 2 to 85 years old. Autism Res. -Gale H. Roid, Lucy J. Miller, Mark Pomplun, and Chris Koch. 2022 Jan 27;19(3):1469. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19031469. These are composed of 20 distinct subsets, which include 17 that are cognitive targets and 3 for achievement. Would you like email updates of new search results? WebDifferential Ability Scales Second Edition (DAS-II) is a comprehensive clinical assessment designed to evaluate cognitive abilities in children and adolescents across a broad range of developmental levels. Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, 2 nd Edition (WASI-II) Ages 6:0 Each composite index combines to form the Full Scale Intelligence Quotient which measures overall intellectual ability. WebIntellectual ability tests measure the abilities of an individual child relative to the abilities of children in the general population. Good administration 0000025366 00000 n Z99 MH999999/ImNIH/Intramural NIH HHS/United States, ZIA MH002868-04/ImNIH/Intramural NIH HHS/United States. 0000003463 00000 n 2015 Dec;27(4):1364-78. doi: 10.1037/pas0000116. 2022 Mar;122:104158. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104158. This test provides an overall measure of cognitive abilities, referred to as a Full Scale Battery. Children traditionally labeled learning disabled, mildly emotionally disturbed, and mildly mentally retarded are considered within a behavioral rather than a categorical framework. WebThe Differential Ability Scales-Second Edition (DAS-II; Elliott, 2007a), developed and standardized in the United States, is a modern psychological assessment instrument with a longer history than its publication date would suggest (see Rapid Reference 1.1). Regression line reflect age (in months; centered at grand mean of 55.32) entered as a covariate for Verbal; age not significant in Nonverbal equation. WebDifferential Ability Scales-II (DAS-II) Scoring Assistant General Decision Reference Component Category Analysis General Information Technologies must be operated and Webincluded portions of the Differential Ability Scales (DAS-2), Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC-2), and Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP). The WAIS-IV has a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15. BMC Pediatr. Convergent and divergent validity of the Mullen Scales of Early Learning in young children with and without autism spectrum disorder. The use of the British Ability Scales with children having specific reading difficulties is described and it is suggested that the four abilities recommended for use in computing an IQ in the current BAS Manual are inappropriate for the dyslexic child. The WAIS-IV has 15 subtests with a core of 10 summarized into the four composites listed above. Cluster scores that comprise the GCA include Verbal Ability, Nonverbal Reasoning Ability, and Spatial Ability (ages 3:6-17:11 only). The NEPSY-II is a comprehensive, standardized neuropsychological assessment tool used to evaluate several domains of cognitive abilities. Clinicians should communicate carefully regarding prognosis of cognitive ability to parents of young children with ASD. 2013;2(1):33-42. doi: 10.1080/21622965.2012.682852. Gifted students with LD were more reliant on verbal conceptualization and reasoning than the control students, and demonstrated deficiencies in short-term auditory memory and sound discrimination. The DAS-II is useful for identifying strengths and weaknesses so appropriate individual education program (IEP) goals, intervention strategies, and progress monitoring can be developed; and comparing ability scores over time, even when normative scores cannot be obtained. These results Multistage, ABSTRACT Theory of mind describes the ability to engage in perspective-taking, infer mental states, and predict intentions, behavior, and actions in others.