[5], The site of the Exposition covered 112 hectares (280 acres) along the left and right banks of the Seine from the esplanade of Les Invalides to the Eiffel Tower (built for the 1889 Exposition) at the Champ de Mars. The Palace of National Manufacturers (left), with the Italian pavilion in distance, United States section at the Palace of Furniture and Decoration, Austrian section at the Palace of Furniture and Decoration. At the same time that the Pont Alexander III was built, a similar bridge, the Trinity Bridge was built in Saint-Petersburg, and was dedicated to French-Russian friendship by French President Flix Faure. Continuing to pay rent for the sites became increasingly hard for concessionaires as they were receiving fewer customers than anticipated. [26], The Korean pavilion, designed by Eugne Ferret, was mostly stocked by French Oriental collectors, including Victor Collin de Plancy, with a supplement of Korean goods from Korea. Other diversions elsewhere in and around the Exposition included an orchestra from Madagascar, a Comedy Theater, and the Columbia Theater at Port Maillot, with acts ranging from panoramas of life in the Orient to a water ballet. [27] One object of note on display was the Jikji, the oldest extant book printed with movable metal type. [25], Pavilion of China by Louis Masson-Dtourbet, Pavilion of Morocco by Henri-Jules Saladin. Of the fifty-six countries invited to participate with official representation, forty accepted, plus an additional number of colonies and protectorates of France, the Netherlands, Great Britain, and Portugal. [9] During the Fair, the Petit Palais housed the Exposition rtrospective de l'art franais des origines 1800. He designed the posters for the official Austrian participation in the Exposition, painting murals depicting scenes from the history of Bosnia as well as the menu for the restaurant at the Bosnian pavilion, and designed the menu for the official opening banquet. The iron roof, made by Gustave Eiffel, originally covered the kiosk of the Wines of Mdoc, in the palace of agriculture and foods. Algeria, Sudan, Dahomey, Guinea and the other French African colonies presented pavilions based on their traditional religious architecture and marketplaces, with guides in costume. They were built largely of wood and covered with staff, which was formed into columns, statuary, walls, stairs. The concessionaires then went on strike, which ultimately resulted in the closure of a large part of the exposition. L'Andalousie au temps des Maures (transl. The main U.S. presence was in the commercial and industrial palaces. His more serious art works, including his drawings for Le Pater, were shown in the Austrian pavilion and in the Austrian section of the Grand Palais. The Globe Cleste was featured in an advertisement for Suchard Chocolate, The Lumire brothers, who had made the first public projections of a motion picture in 1895, presented their films on a colossal screen, 21 metres (69ft) by 16 metres (52ft), in the Gallery of Machines. (2006), "Art Nouveau", Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Behind them, in second line, were located the pavilions of Denmark, Portugal, Peru, Persia, Finland, Luxembourg, Bulgaria and Romania. The jewelry firm of Fouquet and the glass and crystal manufactory of Lalique all presented collections of Art Nouveau objects. Gontar, Cybele. Indeed, the term "Olympic Games" was replaced by "Concours internationaux d'exercices physiques et de sport" (transl. The ceramic frieze depicting the workers of the Exposition was designed by Anatole Guillot, an academic sculptor. At the same time, the lifts in the east and west legs were replaced by lifts running as far as the second level and the lift in the north pillar was removed and replaced by a staircase to the first level. View of the Pont Alexandre III toward Les Invalides, The Pont Alexandre III with the Grand Palais (left) and the Petit Palais (right) in the background, View of the Seine from the Pont Alexandre III, To house the industrial, commercial, scientific, technological and cultural exhibitions, the French organization built huge thematic pavilions on the esplanade of Les Invalides and the Champ de Mars and reused the Galerie des machines from the 1889 Exposition. The Exposition was so expensive to organize and run that the cost per visitor ended up being about six hundred francs more than the price of admission. It was the first trolleybus in regular passenger service in History. Street of the future) moving sidewalk was a very popular and useful attraction, given the large size of the Exposition. Sarah Bernhardt as L'Aiglon, the son of Napoleon Bonaparte, played to full houses in her theater during the Exposition. It was largely used for receptions for important visitors to the Exposition. Though many of the buildings were not finished, the Exposition was opened on 14 April 1900 by President mile Loubet. Their display at the Exposition brought the new style international attention. For the film series, see, The Palaces of Optics, Illusions and Aquarium, The Palace of Electricity and the Water Castle, The Palaces of Industry, Decoration and Agriculture, The moving sidewalk, electric train and electrobus, "International physical exercises and sports competition", sfn error: no target: CITEREFSkinner1967 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFTierchant2009 (, Journal of Olympic History, Special Issue December 2008, The Official Publication of the International Society of Olympic Historians, p. 77, by Karl Lennartz, Tony Bijkerk and Volker Kluge. [9] The entrance murals were painted by Paul-Albert Besnard and Paul Albert Laurens. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}485122N 21752E / 48.8561N 2.2978E / 48.8561; 2.2978, World's Fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, "Paris Exposition, 1900" redirects here. The International Olympic Committee had no real control over the organization, no official interpretation has ever been made and various sources list differing events, further adding to the confusion that was Paris 1900. This pavilion suffered some disruption in August 1900, when anti-Western rebels seized the International delegations in Beijing in the Boxer Rebellion and held them for several weeks until an expeditionary force from the Eight-Nation Alliance arrived and recaptured the city. [2], The pavilion of Finland, designed by Gesellius, Lindgren, Saarinen, had clean-cut, modern architecture.[2]. Aerial view of the Exposition including the Eiffel Tower. Between 14 May and 28 October 1900, an enormous number of sporting activities were held along the Exposition. [37], The Panorama du Tour du Monde was an animated panorama journey from Europe to Japan in a building by Alexandre Marcel in the architectural styles of India, China, Cambodia, Japan and Renaissance Europe. Its most popular feature was the Champagne Palace, offering displays and samples of French Champagne. It also included the Grand Palais and Petit Palais on the right bank. [5], Among the colonies and protectorates present in the Fair were French Algeria, Cambodia, Congo, Dahomey, Guadeloupe, Guiana, Guinea, India, Indochina, Ivory Coast, Laos, Madagascar, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Oceania, Runion, Senegal, Somaliland, Sudan, Tonkin, Tunisia, West Africa, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, the Dutch East Indies, British Canada, Ceylon, India and Western Australia and the Portuguese colonies. The gateway was brightly illuminated at night by 3,200 light bulbs and an additional forty arc lamps. Following the accident the French government established the first regulations for the use of reinforced concrete. Light from the sky was sent into the tube by a movable 2 metres (6ft 7in) mirror. The viewers stood on the railing of a ship simulator, watching painted images pass by of the cities and seascapes en route. These diversions were popular but expensive; entry to the Comedy Theater cost up to five francs. At the time, the average hourly wage for Paris workers was between 40 and 50 centimes. [9] The interior offers examples of Art Nouveau, particularly in the railings of the curving stairways, the tiles of the floors, the stained glass, and the murals on the ceiling of the arcade around the garden. [2], The Royal Pavilion of Spain was designed in Neo-Plateresque style by Jos Urioste Velada. The play ended with a memorable death scene; according to one critic, she died "as dying angels would die if they were allowed to. The Palace of Electricity and the adjoining Water Castle (Chateau d'Eau), designed by architects Eugne Hnard and Edmond Paulin,[9] were among the most popular sights. It was funded and sponsored by the Compagnie des messageries maritimes. The pavilion displayed a faithful reconstruction of 8th-century Sari temple and also Indonesian vernacular architecture of Rumah Gadang from Minangkabau, West Sumatra. The workers frieze was preserved by the head of the ceramics firm that made it, mile Mller, and moved to what is now Parc Mller in the town of Breuillet, Essonne. [34], Another popular attraction was the Mareorama, which simulated a voyage by ship from Villefranche to Constantinople. It was composed of towering polychrome ceramic decoration in Byzantine motifs, crowned by a statue 6.5 metres (21ft) high called La Parisienne. Porte Monumentale on the Place de la Concorde. Its cupola displayed agricultural produce and hunting equipment. The fare was an average of fifty centimes. The French Caribbean islands promoted their rum and other products, while the French colony of New Caledonia highlighted its exotic varieties of wood and its rich mineral deposits. Pavilion of French Algeria by Albert Ballu, Pavilion of French Tunisia by Henri-Jules Saladin, Pavilion of French Indochina - Replica of the Co Loa Palace in Hanoi, Pavilion of Dutch East Indies - Replica of Sari Temple in Yogyakarta. The globe, designed by Napolon de Tdesco, was 45 metres (148ft) in diameter, and the blue and gold exterior was painted with the constellations and the signs of the zodiac. The Russian pavilion, designed by Robert Meltzer, was inspired by the towers of the Kremlin and had exhibits and architecture presenting artistic treasures from Samarkand, Bukhara and other Russian dependencies in Central Asia. [14], The Palace of Electricity (behind) and the Water Castle (in front), The Grand Palais, officially the Grand Palais des beaux-arts et des arts decoratifs, was built on the right bank upon the site of the Palace of Industry of the 1855 Exposition. [52] The Svres Porcelain Manufactory created a series of monumental swan vases for the Exposition, as well as the monumental entrance to the Palace of National Manufacturers. The French Emperor Napoleon III attended and was deeply impressed. [40], The most celebrated actress during the Exposition was Sarah Bernhardt, who had her own theater, The Thtre Sarah Bernhardt (now the Thtre de la Ville), and premiered one of her most famous roles during the Exposition. For this Exposition, it was repainted in shaded tones from yellow-orange at the base to light yellow at the top, and was fitted with 7,000 electric lamps. The industrial, commercial, scientific and cultural exhibitors of each country were distributed among the national sections of the different official thematic pavilions. [9] Much like the Grand Palais, the facade is Beaux-Arts and Neo-Baroque, reminiscent of the Grand Trianon and the stable at Chantilly. Short silent actuality films documenting the Exposition by French director Georges Mlis and by Edison Manufacturing Company producer James H. White, have survived. The Mareorama simulated a sea voyage, complete with rocking ship and unrolling painted scenery. The image was projected on a screen 144 square metres (1,550sqft) in size, in a hall which seated two thousand visitors. Each thematic pavilion was divided into national sections, which were the responsibility of the corresponding country and where its exhibitors were located. The pavilions were all temporary, made of plaster and staff on a metal frame and were designed in an architectural style that represented a period in the country's history, often imitating famous national monuments. Retrieved from: Srpskohrvatski / , Mexico at the 1900 Universal Exhibition in Paris, Exposition universelle internationale de 1900 Paris. [51], The Exposition was a showcase not only of French Art Nouveau, but also the variations that had appeared in other parts of Europe, including the furniture of the Belgian architect and designer Victor Horta, designs of the German Jugendstil by Bruno Mhring, and of the Vienna Secession of Otto Wagner. The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. Her performance was widely reproduced in photographs, paintings and drawings by Art Nouveau artists and sculptors, and were captured in very early motion pictures. [44] A number of events were held for the first and only time in Olympic history, including automobile and motorcycle racing, ballooning, cricket, croquet, a 200 metres (660ft) swimming obstacle race and underwater swimming. [46] The pigeon race was won by a bird which flew from Paris to its home in Lyon in four and a half hours. L'Art nouveau (in French). [3][2], Countries from around the world were invited by France to showcase their achievements and cultures. [31], A Decauville electric train followed the same route, running at an average speed of 17 kilometres per hour (11mph) in the opposite direction of the moving sidewalk. [2], In addition to their own national pavilion, the countries managed other spaces at the Fair. It also appeared in the interior decoration of many popular restaurants, notably the Pavillon Bleu at the Exposition, Maxim's, and the Le Train Bleu restaurant of the Gare de Lyon,[54] and in the portal of the Palace of National Manufacturers made by the Svres Porcelain Manufactory. The widest and longest of the Paris bridges at the time, it was constructed on a single arch of steel 108 metres (354ft) long. The Palace of Agriculture and Food was inside the former Galerie des machines, an enormous iron-framed building from the 1889 Exposition. 2, 1-14. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ de Mars, the Trocadro and at the banks of the Seine between them, with an additional section in the Bois de Vincennes, and it was visited by more than 50 million people. [18], The Petit Palais, that is facing the Grand Palais, was designed by Charles Girault. The largest space was for the French colonies in Africa, the Caribbean, the Pacific and Southeast Asia. The architect of the monument overall was Ren Binet, although many others contributed to the constituent parts. Many technological innovations were displayed at the Fair, including the Grande Roue de Paris ferris wheel, the Rue de l'Avenir moving sidewalk, the first ever regular passenger trolleybus line, escalators, diesel engines, electric cars, dry cell batteries, electric fire engines, talking films, the telegraphone (the first magnetic audio recorder), the galalith and the matryoshka dolls. This was L'Aiglon, a new play by Edmond Rostand in which she played the Duc de Reichstadt, the son of Napoleon Bonaparte, imprisoned by his unloving mother and family until his melancholy death in the Schnbrunn Palace in Vienna. [47] The dinner was prepared in eleven kitchens and served to 606 tables, with the orders and needs of each table supervised by telephone and vehicle. Rue des Nations. One unusual aspect of the U.S. presence was The Exhibit of American Negroes at the Palace of Social Economy, a joint project of Daniel Murray, the Assistant Librarian of Congress, Thomas J. Calloway, a lawyer and the primary organizer of the exhibit, and W. E. B. These pavilions featured traditional architecture of the countries and displays of local products mixed with modern electric lighting, motion pictures, dioramas, and guides, soldiers, and musicians in local costumes. Another scientific attraction was the aquarium, the largest in the world at the time, viewed from an underground gallery 722 metres (2,369ft) long. [25], The French colonies of Indochina, Tonkin and Cambodia also had an impressive presence, with recreations of pagodas and palaces, musicians and dancers, and a recreation of a riverside village from Laos.[25]. [9] Binet sought inspiration from science, tucking the vertebrae of a dinosaur, the cells of a beehive, rams, peacocks, and poppies into the design alongside other animalistic stimuli.[9]. Many international congresses and other events were held in Paris in 1900 within the framework of the Exposition. The Champagne Palace at the Palace of Agriculture and Food, Fifty-six countries were invited to the Exposition, and forty accepted. [57], Japanese Tower of the Museums of the Far East in Laeken, Brussels, Belgium, Ceramic gateway of Svres Porcelain from the Palace of National Manufacturers, now on Square Flx-Desruelles, Hector Guimard's original Art Nouveau entrance of the Paris Mtro at Porte Dauphine Mtro Station, A 2.87 metres (9ft 5in) copy of the Statue of Liberty by Bartholdi, exhibited in 1900, placed in the Luxembourg Gardens in 1905, La Ruche, an artist's colony composed of pieces of different Exposition buildings. Round about Paris. To resolve the matter, the concessionaires were given a fractional refund of the rent they had paid.[2]. The Gateway, like the Exposition buildings, was intended to be temporary, and was demolished as soon as the Exposition was finished. A chess tournament was also held. The Rue des Nations was created along the banks of the Seine between the esplanade of Les Invalides and the Champ de Mars for the national pavilions of the larger countries. [2], The pavilion of Turkey was covering 4,000 square metres (43,000sqft). [2], The interior of the central dome had niches holding large sculptures. "International physical exercises and sports competition") in the official report of the Exposition. The official final cost was 119 million Francs, while the total amount actually collected from admission fees was 126 million Francs. [53], The most famous appearance was in the edicules, or entrance coverings, of the stations of the Paris Mtro designed by Hector Guimard. Baseline Co. Ltd. It was designed by Ferdinand Boberg. It was a gigantic ferris wheel 110 metres (360ft) high, which took its name from a similar wheel created by George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. [8][9] Above the ticket booth windows, the names of provincial cities were inscribed, symbolically enacting a hierarchical relation between Paris and the provinces. The rail track was sometimes at 7 metres (23ft) high like the movable sidewalks, sometimes at ground level and sometimes underground. An additional section of 104 hectares (260 acres) for agricultural exhibits and other structures was built in the Bois de Vincennes. Both structures are now part of the Museums of the Far East. However, most of the German presence at the Exposition was in the commercial pavilions, where they had important displays of German technology and machinery, as well as models of German steamships and a full-scale model of a German lighthouse. The Exposition had numerous critics from different points of view. [14] The facade of the Palace and the Water Castle, across from it, were lit by an additional 7,200 incandescent lamps and seventeen arc lamps. Despite the high price, passengers often had to wait an hour for a place. The central arch was flanked by two slender, candle-like towers, resembling minarets. This telescope was the largest refracting telescope at that time. [36], Le Vieux Paris (transl. [47], Gymnasts at opening ceremony (Bois de Vincennes), Hlne Pvost, French women's tennis champion at the 1900 Paris Olympics, the first games in which women competed, A combined Swedish-Danish team defeated France in the Olympic Tug-of-War competition, Beginning of the balloon event at the 1900 Summer Olympics (Bois de Vincennes), Another special event at the Exposition was a gigantic banquet hosted by the French President, mile Loubet, for 20,777 mayors of France, Algeria and towns in French colonies, hosted on 22 September 1900 in the Tuileries Gardens, inside two enormous tents. Dymond, Anne (2011), "Embodying the Nation: Art, Fashion and Allegorical Women at the 1900 Exposition Universelle," RACAR, v. 36, no. Many of the participants, such as Campbell's Soup or Michigan Stove Company, added the Paris award to the advertisements and labels of their products. A 2.87 metres (9ft 5in) copy of the Statue of Liberty by Frdric Auguste Bartholdi exhibited at the Fair, was placed in the Luxembourg Gardens in 1905 at the request of his widow. The iron frame of the Grand Palais was quite modern for its time; it appeared light, but in fact, it used 9,000 tonnes (8,900 long tons; 9,900 short tons) of metal, compared with seven thousand for the construction of the Eiffel Tower. Another innovation in motion pictures was presented at the Exposition at the Phono-Cinema Theater; a primitive talking motion picture, where the image on the screen was synchronized to the sound from phonographs. After visiting the Panorama du Tour du Monde, King Leopold II of Belgium commissioned its architect, Alexandre Marcel, to build a Japanese tower and a Chinese pavilion in the Royal Domain of Laeken, Brussels, Belgium. [16] The facade was in the ornate Beaux-Arts style or Neo-Baroque style. The Art Nouveau ("New Art") style began to appear in Belgium and France in the 1880s and became fashionable in Europe and the United States during the 1890s. [9] La Parisienne, made by Moreau-Vauthier,[9] was referred to by some as "the triumph of prostitution" because of her flowing robe and modernized figure and was criticized by many visitors. [54], Paris metro station entrance at Abbesses designed by Hector Guimard for the Exposition, Art Nouveau swan vase by the Svres Manufactory made for the Exposition, Nymph lamp by Egide Rombaux & Franois Hoosemans made for the Exposition, Menu by Alfons Mucha for the restaurant of the Bosnia and Herzegovina pavilion, Bosnia and Herzegovina pavilion murals by Alfons Mucha (1900), now in Petit Palais, The Bigot pavilion, showcasing the work of Art Nouveau ceramics manufacturer Alexandre Bigot, Jugendstil hallway from the German pavilion, by Bruno Mhring, now in Mainz, The 1900 interior of the Train Bleu at the Gare de Lyon, Most of the palaces and buildings constructed for the Exposition Universelle were demolished after the conclusion of the Exposition and all items and materials that could be salvaged were sold or recycled. The Exposition buildings were meant to be temporary; they were built on iron frames covered with plaster and staff, a kind of inexpensive artificial stone. Producing the light for the Exposition consumed 200,000 kilograms (440,000lb) of oil an hour. Many international congresses and other events were held within the framework of the Exposition, including the 1900 Summer Olympics. The illusion was aided by machinery that rocked the ship, and fans which blew gusts of wind.[35]. [1][2], Planning for the 1900 Exposition began in 1892, under President Carnot, with Alfred Picard as Commissioner-General. Paris exposition, A Meeting in the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exposition_Universelle_(1900)&oldid=1099340118, Wikipedia articles needing more precise page number citations from April 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The Cinorama, a simulated voyage in a balloon with motion pictures projected on a circular screen. It was preserved after the Exposition in the Muse Grvin[13]. A flower garden on the support surrounded the globe. The first international exposition was held in London in 1851. [19], Grand Palais central hall with the exhibition of sculptures, The industrial and commercial exhibits were located inside several large palaces on the esplanade between les Invalides and the Alexander III Bridge. Provence was represented by two reconstructions, a Provenal farmhouse or mas and a reconstruction called Vieil Arles which reconstructed certain Roman ruins and part of the town's cathedral. At the ends, the bridge was supported by four massive stone pylons 13 metres (43ft) high, decorated with statues of the Renomes (The Renowned), female figures with trumpets, and gilded statues of the horse Pegasus. In addition, most popular attractions charged an admission fee, usually between fifty centimes and Franc. The awards ceremony was held on 18 August 1900, and was attended by 11,500 persons. The goal of the exhibition was to demonstrate progress and commemorate the lives of African Americans at the turn of the century. Three French Presidents and ten Ministers of Commerce held office before it was completed. A large area within the Bois de Vincennes was set aside for sporting events, which included, among others, many of the events of the 1900 Summer Olympics. [22] The exhibit included a statuette of Frederick Douglass, four bound volumes of nearly 400 official patents by African Americans, photographs from several educational institutions (Fisk University, Howard University, Roger Williams University, Tuskegee Institute, Claflin University, Berea College, North Carolina A&T), and, most memorably, some five hundred photographs of African-American men and women, homes, churches, businesses and landscapes including photographs from Thomas E. Another very popular feature of the Palace of Optics was the giant kaleidoscope, which attracted three million visitors. The sidewalk was accessed from a platform 7 metres (23ft) above the ground level. [9], The British Royal pavilion consisted of a mock-Jacobean mansion decorated with pictures and furniture, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens. [50] The deficit was to a degree offset by the long-term additions to the city infrastructure; new buildings and bridges, including the Grand and Petit Palais, the Pont Alexander III and the Passerelle Debilly; and additions to the transport system; The Paris Mtro, the funicular railway on Montmartre, and two new train stations, the Gare d'Orsay and the Gare des Invalides, and the new facade and enlargement and redecoration of the Gare de Lyon and other stations. The total area of the Exposition, 216 hectares (530 acres), was ten times larger than the 1855 Exposition.[4]. It was named after Czar Alexander III of Russia, who had died in 1894, and celebrated the recent alliance between France and Russia. The few exhibitors from countries without an official presence at the Fair participated under a joint "International Section". The central tower was crowned by an enormous illuminated star and a chariot carrying a statue of the Spirit of Electricity 6.5 metres (21ft) high, holding aloft a torch powered by 50,000 volts of electricity, provided by the steam engines and generators inside the Palace. [9][2], The Water castle, facing the Palace of Electricity, had an equally imposing appearance. It was threatened with demolition in the 1960s but was saved by culture minister Andr Malraux. [21], The United States pavilion was modest, a variation on the United States Capitol Building designed by Charles Allerton Coolidge and Georges Morin-Goustiaux. The Palace of Furniture and Decoration was particularly lavish and presented many displays of the new Art Nouveau style. [37] There were also several recreations depicting picturesque or touristic regions of France, including exhibitions from Provence, Bretagne, Poitou, Berry and Auvergne, using their pre-revolutionary provincial names rather than their departments. It was the work of two architects, Henri Deglane for the main body of the building, and Albert Thomas for the west wing, or Palais d'Antin.